Ship repair and utilization: environmental challenges of Ukraine's shipwrecks
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The article examines the urgent problem of sunken and abandoned vessels in the waters of Ukraine and their impact on the environmental safety of marine and river waters. The author analyzes the scale of the problem both at the global level (more than 3 million sunken vessels in the World Ocean) and within Ukraine, where the situation is complicated by the presence of military conflicts and the historical heritage of sunken objects from the Second World War. The main environmental threats associated with sunken ships are considered, including pollution of the water environment by oil products, toxic substances from ship paints and materials, and problems caused by corrosion of metal hulls. Particular attention is paid to the navigational risks posed by wrecks to active shipping, including the possibility of collisions due to the lack of signal lights and the movement of wrecks during storms. The state of the problem in Ukraine is investigated, including a detailed analysis of the available data on sunken objects in the Black and Azov Seas, as well as in the country's river systems. The problem of the lack of accurate statistics and insufficient hydrographic surveys for a full assessment of the situation is identified. The data from the Register of Underwater Cultural Heritage of Ukraine, which includes 2041 sites, including 1672 sites in the Black Sea and 155 sites in the Sea of Azov, are analyzed. The paper proposes possible technical solutions for the recovery and utilization of sunken vessels, including methods of sealing and freezing. The features of various ship raising technologies and their economic feasibility are considered in detail. The author analyzes the legislative framework of Ukraine for regulating issues related to sunken ships and their utilization, including international ISO standards, the Technical Regulations for Marine Equipment and national legislation. The authors present an algorithm for the recovery and utilization of sunken vessels developed by them, which takes into account the technical, environmental and legal aspects of the problem. The author substantiates the need for a systematic approach to solving the problem of sunken ships, including improvement of the legislative framework, introduction of modern technical solutions and strengthening of environmental control. Particular attention is paid to the problem of «abandoned ships» which pose a particular danger due to the lack of crew and control over their condition. Specific examples of such vessels are given and the risks associated with their uncontrolled drift in the sea are analyzed.
Article Details
References
2. Rosalinda, G. (2011). Evidence for Major Emissions of PCBs in the West African Region. Environmental Science & Technology, 45(4), 1349-1355. https://doi.org/10.1021/es1025239
3. End of Life: The Human Cost of Breaking Ships. (2005). Greenpeace. Retrieved November 28, 2024, from https://www.greenpeace.org
4. Pizintsali L.V., Aleksandrovskaya N.I., Rossomakha E.I., Nikiforov Yu.A., Shakhov V.I., & Rabochaya T.V. (2020). Printsipy formirovaniya sistemy ekologicheskogo menedzhmenta predpriyatiya po utilizatsii morskikh sudov v Ukraine [Principles of forming an environmental management system for ship recycling enterprises in Ukraine]. Ekolohichna bezpeka ‒ Vodnyi transport, Р. 83-96.
5. Pizintsali L., Aleksandrovska N., & Nykyforov Yu. (2020). Intehrovana systema menedzhmentu ‒ osnova stvorennia proiektu utylizatsiinoho pidpryiemstva [Integrated management system ‒ the basis for creating a recycling enterprise project]. Visnyk Odeskoho natsionalnoho morskoho universytetu, 58(1), Р. 207-225. Retrieved from http://visnyk.onmu.org.ua/index.php/1/article/view/19
6. Pizintsali L.V., Aleksandrovskaya N.I., & Kosharskaya L.V. (2014). Predposylki razvitiya sistemy utilizatsii loma v Ukraine na primere zheleznodorozhnogo i morskogo transporta [Prerequisites for the development of a scrap recycling system in Ukraine using the example of railway and maritime transport]. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov DonIZhT, 37, Р. 157-162.
7. Pizintsali L.V., Aleksandrovskaya N.I., & Varbanets R.A. (2015). Vybor tekhnologicheskogo protsessa utilizatsii korpusa sudna metodom ekspertnykh otsenok [Selection of the technological process for ship hull recycling using expert assessment method]. Vestnik AGTU. Ser.: Morskaya tekhnika i tekhnologiya, 1, Р. 14-20.
8. Pizintsali L.V. (2015). Tselesoobraznost sozdaniya utilizatsionnogo predpriyatiya na baze sudoremontnogo zavoda [Feasibility of creating a recycling enterprise based on a ship repair plant]. Visnyk ONMU, 4(46), 170-183.
9. Pizintsali L.V. (2015). Podgotovka «zelenogo pasporta» kak protsedury mezhdunarodnykh trebovaniy k organizatsii predpriyatiy po utilizatsii sudov [Preparation of a «green passport» as a procedure for international requirements for the organization of ship recycling enterprises]. Visnyk ONMU, 2(44), Р. 177-185.
10. Pizintsali L.V. (2016). Ukraina ‒ problemy utilizatsii sudov [Ukraine ‒ problems of ship recycling]. East European Scientific Journal, 8, Р. 100-104.
11. Savych O.S., & Dudnichenko K.V. (2020). Pravove rehuliuvannia utylizatsii suden [Legal regulation of ship recycling]. Prykarpatskyi yurydychnyi visnyk, 5(34), Р. 160-165. Retrieved from https://www.umba.org.ua/news-room/articles/article13.htm.
12. Ivanova A.V. (2020). Mizhnarodna konventsiia shchodo zapobihannia zabrudnennia z suden 1973/78 yak osnova mizhnarodnoho zabezpechennia zakhystu morskoho seredovyshcha [International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships 1973/78 as a basis for international protection of the marine environment]. Vcheni zapysky TNU imeni V.I. Vernadskoho. Seriia: yurydychni nauky, 31(70)(2), Р. 170-176.
13. Otsenka sostoyaniya Mirovogo okeana [Assessment of the World Ocean state]. (2024). United Nations. Retrieved November 19, 2024, from https://www.un.org/regular-process/sites/files
14. UNESCO ‒ Na dne okeana mozhno obnaruzhit... [UNESCO ‒ At the ocean bottom one can find...]. (2024). Facebook. Retrieved November 19, 2024, from https://www.facebook.com/unescorussian/photos
15. Sotni foto... [Hundreds of photos...]. (2024). Retrieved November 28, 2024, from https://fotobase.co/
16. Kladovyshche korabliv u Chornomu mori ‒ yakyi vyhliad maiut [Ship cemetery in the Black Sea ‒ what they look like]. (2024). Novyny Live. Retrieved November 28, 2024, from https://novyny.live/science
17. Navihatsiini nebezpeky [Navigational hazards]. (2024). Retrieved November 28, 2024, from https://flot.com/publications/books/shelf/rulkov/49.htm
18. Velycheznyi «korabel-pryvyd» prybylo do berehiv... [Huge «ghost ship» washed ashore...]. (2024). BBC. Retrieved November 28, 2024, from https://www.bbc.com/news
19. Chorne more: Poblyzu Odesy dreifuiut... [Black Sea: Near Odesa drifting...]. (2024). Censor.NET. Retrieved November 28, 2024, from https://censor.net/v_zablo.
20. ZMI: poriad z Kaliforniieiu vyiavleno sudno, skhozhe na znyklyi lainer «Liubov Orlova» [Media: vessel similar to missing liner «Lyubov Orlova» found near California]. (2017, November 20). TASS. Retrieved November 28, 2024, from https://web.archive.org.
21. Znykli v okeani. P'iat istorii pro suchasni korabli-prymary [Lost in the ocean. Five stories about modern ghost ships]. (2024). Arhumenty ta Fakty. Retrieved November 20, 2024, from https://aif.ua/society
22. Pryvydy moriv: 10 korabliv, shcho zalyshylysia bez komandy [Ghosts of the seas: 10 ships left without crew]. (2024). Retrieved November 20, 2024, from https://ghostships.ua
23. Korabli-prymary: mify chy realnist? [Ghost ships: myths or reality?]. (2024). Retrieved November 28, 2024, from https://parusniki.kiev.ua/ru/korabli-prizraki/
24. Moskalenko, D. (2024). Facebook. Retrieved November 28, 2024, from https://www.facebook.com
25. U mezhakh Chornobylskoho zapovidnyka doslidyly dno richky Prypiat [Within the Chornobyl Reserve, the bottom of the Pripyat River was investigated]. (2024). Retrieved November 28, 2024, from https://mykyivregion.com.ua
26. Desiat zatonulykh suden i debarkaderiv zahrozhuiut... [Ten sunken vessels and floating piers threaten...]. (2024). TSN.ua. Retrieved November 28, 2024, from https://tsn.ua
27. Istoryky vyiavyly zatonule 18-metrove sudno-drahu... [Historians discovered a sunken 18-meter dredger vessel...]. (2024). Volynski Novyny. Retrieved November 28, 2024, from https://www.volynnews.com
28. Rezultaty hidrohrafichnykh doslidzhen u 2020 rotsi [Results of hydrographic research in 2020]. (2020). Retrieved November 28, 2024, from https://hydro.gov.ua/?p=3059
29. Pidvodna kulturna spadshchyna Ukrainy [Underwater cultural heritage of Ukraine]. (2024). Retrieved November 28, 2024, from https://nvimu.com.ua/novyny/view_fondu/231.
30. Pizintsali L.V., Shumylo O.M., Aleksandrovska N.I., Rossomakha O.I., Rabocha T.V., & Rossomakha O.A. (2022). Vplyv utylizatsii suden meto- dom zatoplennia na ekolohiiu ta bezpeku sudnoplavstva [Impact of ship disposal by sinking method on ecology and navigation safety]. Zbirnyk naukovykh prats Natsionalnoho universytetu korablebuduvannia imeni admirala Makarova, 1. Retrieved from https://znp.nuos.mk.ua
31. Pro vnutrishnii vodnyi transport [On inland water transport]. (2024). Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Retrieved November 28, 2024, from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua
32. Tekhnichnyi rehlament [Technical regulation]. (2024). Ministry of Communities and Territories Development of Ukraine. Retrieved November 28, 2024, from https://mtu.gov.ua/files/Dok_PROEKT/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85
33. ISO 30000:2009. (2009). iTeh Standards. Retrieved November 28, 2024, from https://cdn.standards.iteh.ai/samples/ISO-30000.
34. Tsyvilnyi kodeks Ukrainy [Civil Code of Ukraine]. (2024). Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Retrieved November 28, 2024, from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua
35. Pizintsali L.V. (2021). Metodolohichni osnovy orhanizatsiino-tekhnolohich- nykh protsesiv utylizatsii suden: monohrafiia [Methodological foundations of organizational and technological processes of ship recycling: monograph]. OLDI-PLUS. ISBN 978-966-289-488-2.